The Economic Argument Against GMOs: a Top Ten List
Ask an economist to give an opinion about any controversial subject in society, and they’ll turn to the data and start digging for answers. While I’ve covered the economics of GMOs in the past, Dr. Vandana Shiva, on a recent visit by the visionary sustainability guru to my home state of Hawaii, opened my eyes to the real economics in the GMO equation.
Dr. Vandana Shiva is an author (Earth Democracy), and was trained as a physicist. As such, she is a systems thinker. In her recent talk, she described the commodification of life as an affront to all of mankind, and described the system-level view that confronts us as we grapple with the GMO challenge.
The first truly eye opening description she made was that of our system of war. When Vietnam ended, chemical companies had to find new markets for the chemicals the U.S. military was using to destroy huge swaths of tropical forest in Vietnam. These companies shifted carcinogenic compounds like Agent Orange to become the agricultural chemicals of today. The same basic premise applies, according to Dr. Shiva: it’s a war against nature. Think about it. Companies genetically modify food crops to be resistant to chemicals (like Roundup and Atrazine). They then sell the seeds to farmers, and also supply them with the chemicals needed to wipe out everything else except that GMO crop.
So without further adieu…
Top ten externalized costs (externalities) in GMO agriculture:
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First, there’s soil erosion
In Molokai, where much of the GMO corn seeds are produced, Monsanto’s extensive “farms” generate what local residents refer to as “fugitive dust clouds“.
The dust clouds come from uncovered topsoil, a cornerstone of GMO agriculture, since all ground cover is removed by chemical application. The dust clouds contain high levels of pesticide residues, and go wherever the wind blows, bringing pesticides onto neighboring farms, communities, and into watersheds where it inevitably enters drinking water. In addition, when Monsanto or another GMO agribusiness leaves an area after farming for many years, this topsoil erosion is so bad it may take 20 years to regenerate even in ideal conditions, until which time the land is more or less economically unproductive.The process of monoculture style agriculture itself is nothing less than a war against nature. Upon arriving in Hawaii, Dr. Shiva was given a helicopter tour by a local (non-GMO) farmer. Looking down on the landscape, it was so clear to see the local farms were integrated into the landscape around them, hardly standing out from other landscapes. But the GMO “farms” were like an extension of the military barracks, she said. Straight lines, obliteration. And it’s the same everywhere that monocultures are grown. According to Dr. Shiva, 10% of the formerly fertile agricultural land in the province of Punjab in India are now just dead zones. Nothing can grow there without heavy chemical additions of fertilizer because the soils have nothing left to give.
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Second, there’s deliberate inefficiency built into the GMO food model
Did you know that only 2% of GMO soy is actually eaten by people? Or that most of the corn grown in the U.S. is actually not even edible? The GMO industry claims that GMOs are needed to feed the world (look at any of their websites and you’ll see this claim as a defense of their agricultural methods). But it’s simply not true. Most GMO corn is either processed into gums, pastes, additives, fillers, ethanol or other products. According to Shiva, 80% of our actual food comes from small farms, whereas only 20% comes from these monocrops that are claimed to be the answer to global hunger. That 20% goes to factory farms. Beyond the 2% of soy eaten by people, for example, the rest is factory farms (~70%) and biofuels (~25%). Normal (boring) economists like to look at ROI, but Inspired Economists like to look at EROEI, or Energy Return on Energy Invested, as a holistic metric for sustainable economic development.
(image from 80/20 vision) As for return on the energy put in, according to Shiva, when we grow GE corn and soy and feed it to animals before we eat the animals, we go from 100 units to 1 unit. If we just grow organically, she said, diverse food on small farms, we go from 100 units to 200, 300, 400…. Corn ethanol is another great example. It needs just as much energy put into it as it delivers on the other end, so its EROEI is about 1. Basically, to be economically viable, any EROEI has to be much higher than 1, so how does GMO corn survive the free market? (segue to number 3). -
Third, there’s the subsidies
In economic parlance, there are incentives, and then there are perverse incentives: money that flows from the government purportedly for public benefit but that has the opposite effect. Think about highway spending: $52 billion in 2010 alone flowed from government coffers into maintaining the US highway system. It’s kind of good for people in that they are able to drive wherever they want without stopping to pay tolls (they’re paying tolls through their taxes), but at the same time, it has subsidized the movement of goods from China such that cheap imports outcompete locally manufactured goods. Here’s a post about why we should privatize highways, in case you’re interested.
The subsidies received by the agribusiness giants are overwhelming. According to Shiva, there are $400 billion in subsidies (globally) for chemical agriculture. In the U.S., large scale meat and dairy operations get 73.8% of all food subsidies over a decade from 1995 to 2005, whereas fruits and vegetables got 0.37%.
(Graphic from the Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine.) What does that mean to GMO corn growers? Huge markets, that’s what. If you look at the EROEI of calories we consume in a cow, it’s mindbogglingly bad. It takes anywhere from 10 to 16 pounds of grains (GMO corn and soy mostly) to produce one pound of beef in the U.S. So we’re subsidizing this inefficient process at every level in the supply chain. If factory farms weren’t receiving ~75% of all subsidies from the government, a Big Mac would cost a heck of a lot more than a salad. And that leads us to… -
Health effects
According to Dr. Shiva, “When it comes to owning the seed for collecting royalties, they [GMO companies] say, “It’s mine.” But when it comes to contamination, cross-pollination, health problems, the response is “we’re not liable”.“ Monsanto has trumpeted the relative lack of toxicity in its keynote product, Roundup, for years. But, as a derivative of chemicals used in chemical warfare, it of course has health effects, such as birth defects caused by Roundup. According to Dr. Shiva, the heavy use of chemicals has left a terrible legacy in Punjab. The green revolution was applied there first and Dr. Shiva describes a train there that locals call the “cancer train”. Every day, a trainload of cancer patients who’ve been exposed to chemically intensive agriculture leave Punjab to go to Rajistran for treatment. “It’s an epidemic,” said Shiva, and indicated that if you do a map, the areas where chemical farming is the most intensive, it lines up perfectly with where cancer rates are the highest. How much is that costing society? And who pays for it? Certainly not the chemical companies.
But, is the “food” itself even safe? The answer is….who knows? So it is that safety testing for GMOs are only done by the GMO companies themselves. There is supposed to be oversight by the FDA, but that’s “regulation”, and you may have heard, there are a lot of people who use that word as a boogeyman to scare voters. Not only do politicians (usually from the Republican Party, but not always) cry foul about regulations of any stripe, but they go so far as to make sure that even when regulation happens, it’s completely stripped of all but the thinnest veil of legitimacy. How? By appointing none other than the fox himself to guard the henhouse. GMO lobbyists routinely pepper the halls of Washington, but appointing a former GMO lobbyist to head up the Food and Drug Adminstration? Now that’s just crazy enough to be true.
GMO industry insiders at the FDA? Oh yes.
(image from Seattle Organic Restaurants) Putting a dollar figure on the health side effects of GMO foods and monocultures is virtually impossible. But be assured, that dollar figure is a big one. And guess who pays for it? Not them. Us.
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Then there’s the farmer
The biggest loser in GMO agriculture is a difficult question, since there are so many negatives and so many people, ecosystems, and markets negatively affected. But a strong argument can be made that it’s the farmers themselves that buy GMO seeds and the chemicals needed to grow them that are screwed the most.
This article continues. See page 2 of 2 by clicking here.
About the Author
Scott Cooney Scott Cooney (twitter: scottcooney) is an adjunct professor Sustainability in the MBA program at the University of Hawai'i, green business startup coach, author of Build a Green Small Business: Profitable Ways to Become an Ecopreneur (McGraw-Hill), and developer of the sustainability board game GBO Hawai'i. As a serial eco-entrepreneur who has started, grown and sold multiple green businesses, Scott believes that capitalism, true capitalism, can be a powerful force for change, but that our current version of capitalism is severely hampered by perverse subsidies and negative externalities that make unsustainable products less expensive than healthier alternatives. Scott is a vegetarian, an avid cyclist, and an organic gardener. Find Scott on Google Plus
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Awesome write up, Scott!
Thank you,Scott,totally awesome article…perfect.Will share and share!!
You raise some good points yet forget some critical points in agricultural history. First-if you are going to address GMO’s address them all. All domesticated plants and animals are genetically different from their wild ancestors.Their genomes were manipulated by humans, this process of selection is well known in human history that goes back 10,000 years. Ancient cultures used a variety of methods to manipulate the genomes of wild organisms. I know many people are unaware of this history, maybe even reject it because the GMO word has a bad rap. Not all GMO’s are GEO’s-lets educate America with proper terminology instead of fear. The only GMO/GEO labeled foods that are known to KILL people are Tobacco and alcohol products. GE-Papaya has been out for over 20 years, NO DEATHs..why? Cause it is not harmful, in fact the DNA found in the papaya is used by our bodies to make more DNA.
You bring up labeling-I agree with you all food should have a label, a label which reflects the HISTORY, NUTRIENT VALUES, and POTENTIAL risks in consumption. Anything you put into your mouth creates a risk, if you want a GMO label, then ALL GMO’s should be labeled. Organic farmers are able to get a premium price for their products because the amount of labor it takes to produce such product and their ability to market their products as PERCEIVED safety and healthy benefits. Most of the general public cannot afford premium organic products nor has the ability to grow their own foods. If Organic farmers want more consumers and really care about the safety of Humanity-LOWER YOUR PRICES. Science illiteracy is a major problem in this country…..
This is a common argument by the GMO industry about GMOs, and it’s easily debunked. Yes, you can modify something through Mendelian breeding. That’s been done for millennia, and we have no problem with that. That’s nature combining genes and allowing the strong to survive. The difference in genetic engineering is that you’re inserting genes that would likely never combine in nature, like a pig gene into a corn embryo.
The other thing about genetic engineering as practiced by today’s GMO companies is that they really don’t understand the potential outcomes. You’re literally using a gene gun to shoot in the dark. Then if you get the desired traits you go “yay” and if you don’t, you burn the crop. But the outcomes from this kind of science are very much less than certain, and that’s been acknowledged by the industry itself. That’s what terrifies people. You can’t just undo a gene released into nature, so we don’t want you releasing them at all. If that doesn’t make sense to you, than you’re a PR person working for Monsanto and nothing else. I honestly don’t know how you can work for companies like that that are universally identified as some of the worst corporate offenders in history.
It’s high time the industry stop trying to distract the conversation by saying that everything is genetically modified.
GMOs are not the same as hybrids. GMOs do not occur in nature. In the natural world two species cannot combine. A rose can be crossed with a rose, but not with a fish. Genetically modified organisms are man-made creations. The new Aqubounty salmon, for instance is the combination of an eel, a pout fish and a salmon: 3 different species that would never cross breed in nature. Other examples of GMOs are spinach/pig (named “Popeye” by its creators, spider/goat (silk is made from the proteins in the goat’s milk that is supposed to be good for sutures), mouse/pig (named “enviropig” as the feces were claimed to be less polluting, cat/jellyfish (they glow in the dark), spider/human (bullet-proof skin “tougher than Kevlar”) and this is just a sample. Beyond the plant and animal combination, bacterium, viruses and fungi are also used. This is not nature this is an act of arrogance by man.
The GMO industry is a huge fan of saying that everything is genetically modified–see the above reply for the debunking of that bit of “less than truth”. In addition, though, no Mendelian modifications have the kinds of economic externalities that are written up in this article. Only genetically engineered crops that are created with the sole intention of selling more chemicals for monoculture style agriculture cause so much economic hardship to be externalized onto everyone else besides the company that creates the crop. It’s an open and shut case, and the industry doesn’t have a leg to stand on…all they can do is try to distract with some “truthiness” about what is and isn’t a GMO.
Hello ‘Mr,’
‘Mr. Monsanto?’ You say that ‘GMO papaya has been out for 20 years with no deaths.’
As a science teacher, I ask you, how would you know that there have been no deaths?
There certainly were deaths from GMO-manufactured L-Trytophane way back in 1982.
The FDA does not recognize that GMOs are different than traditional foods, so it does not even look for effects.
GMOs are not labeled, so there is no way to connect the effects of eating these mutant foods.
These are not independently tested either. Monsanto has refused to even release their raw data on the few animal tests that are done.
And there may be long term chronic illness such as diabetes, allergies, heart disease, cancer, that is even more difficult to test.
Heroes like Midwife Robin of Bali send photos of aneurisms on umbilical cords of mothers eating GE soy, and shortened umbilical cords.
Where are tests to show that these foods are safe for babies and pregnant mothers? The answer: the FDA does none.
Organic Farmers would like to lower their prices, but the farm subsidies and water subsidies go to the large corporate farms. While Organic farmers pay to certify their crops, the large agrichem corporations don’t have to pay or even be responsible for their corpses, I mean crops.
Didn’t Monsanto claim that Agent Orange is also harmless? There were 2,800,000 Vietnam Vets. Two million of them are dead. I don’t call that harmless. Same company, same tactics. Just two million dead who cannot speak to that issue.Just 800,000 left and struggling to stay alive thru Agent Orange Syndrome, struggling even to get diagnosed. It is pretty hard to get diagnosed when there is chronic wasting disease from a chemical.
Putting a label on GMOs, has nothing to do with organic farmers. They are labeling theirs. That is a distraction from the issue. We have a right to know what we eat. We are not forgetting agricultural history. We are remembering how food sustained healthy bodies and healthy soil and healthy air and healthy water. Not forgetting at all.
talking of Agent Orange, aren’t the affected Vietnamese still waiting for compensation – http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agent_Orange#Vietnamese_victims_class_action_lawsuit_in_U.S._courts
The claim by “Mr.” that no-one has died from GMOs is absurd. It would be difficult to determine that GMOs were to blame for one person’s death, but who is checking those things anyway? No-one is. Isolated stillborn infants would probably not be given an autopsy — and what would the pathologist be looking for? Who would pay for such an autopsy?
The bottom line is that the producers of these genetically altered seeds have not given us proof — long-term testing verifying their products’ safety. It is not our responsibility to prove that these foods aren’t safe; that is the manufacturer’s responsibility.
The public, in a rare moment of agreement, have indicated that we don’t want these foods. The consequences for our health, that of future generations, birds and bees, are not fully known. Why is the FDA letting Monsanto and the rest off the hook to go on making money from something with such huge potential for damaging our health and our food supply?
I think we all know the answer to that question.
Good point, Paul. “Mr.” is clearly an industry shill. We get them all the time, especially over at EatDrinkBetter, where they write about GMO stuff all the time. It’s amazing–”Mr.” type comments show up only between 9 and 5, and always just try to obfuscate things–never provide any real justification for the burden of proof being on us, rather than them.
Thanks, Scott. I figured he was. I got a grin about the fact that they only do their work 9 to 5. Wonder what they think they and their children will have to eat in 20 years when GMO genes have spread into all the previously natural food crops.
I think you’re figures are off: Monsanto alone spent over $20 million fighting California’s Prop 37 at the ballot box last year. Advocates for the law spent less than $15 million total.
Thanks Arthur! I’ve corrected the previous misreporting. The article I’d originally cited was clearly off by a few million on each end, but the idea is still the same….Monsanto alone outspent the entire “Yes on 37″ campaign, and overall it was close to 10:1 spending against the law.
In order for their profits to remain high, It’s most important that all they do behind closed doors and high fences remain a ‘secret’, so sharing this information is the most important thing we can do to protect ourselves, our families, our communities and our nation from this scourge.
Amen Sharon. Thanks for spreading the word. Economic arguments like this can transcend political stripes–how can anyone be “for” GMOs when they’re making us all pay so they can make more money?
Thanks, Scott, for a great and enlightening article. It is a shame and arguably a crime against humanity that our U.S. government agencies seem to be working in a silent, unacknowledged partnership with Monsanto and Dow to ram these unproven foods down our throats.
Thanks also for pointing out the insanity of a agrobusiness model of wasting so much energy in terms of fossil fuels and vegetable foods which are grown solely to be fed to animals, so we can have cheap burgers and “chicken” nuggets. (None for me, thanks.)
I didn’t realize the Agent Orange got recycled into agricultural uses after Vietnam wound down. I do remember how the excess nitrates and nerve gas from WW II got turned into a “peace dividend” after that war — and how it was sold to the developing countries as “the Green Revolution”. There will always be jobs for conscienceless spinmeisters at Monsanto and in government.
God Bless you and keep up the good fight. I will share this — many more Americans need to be made aware of what is being done to our health and the health of future generations.
P.S.: Kudos to Jessica Denning for her masterful takedown of “Mr. Monsanto”, a shill, no doubt.
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